This Day in History: August 23

 -Calvinists are granted rights in the Netherlands, 1555

-King George III declares the American colonies exist in a state of open and avowed rebellion, 1775

-The automobile tire chain is patented, 1904

-The Battle of Stalingrad (World War II) begins, 1942

-Queen Noor of Jordan is born, 1951

-Armenia declares its independence from the Soviet Union, 1990

-Holiday: European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism (European Union)